By Marie Rosenthal, MS

More than 50% of nurses had difficulty sleeping during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic—and getting less sleep increased their odds of experiencing anxiety and depression, according to a new study led by researchers at the NYU Rory Meyers College of Nursing.

“Nurses are already at risk for higher rates of depression and insufficient sleep compared to other professions, thanks to the stress of patient care and the nature of shift work. The pandemic seems to have further exacerbated these issues to the detriment of nurses’ well-being,” said Amy Witkoski Stimpfel, PhD, RN, an assistant professor at NYU Rory Meyers College of Nursing, in New York City, and lead author of the study (J Occup Environ Med 2022 Jan 15. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000002495).

Nurses have faced unparalleled challenges working on the front lines of the COVID-19 pandemic, including staffing shortages, an early lack of personal protective equipment (PPE), and witnessing widespread suffering and death. Research is beginning to reveal the impact of these ongoing stressors on nurses’ mental health and well-being.

In this study, the researchers surveyed 629 nurses and interviewed 34 nurses from June through August 2020. The nurses, who worked across healthcare settings in 18 states, were asked about their experiences working during the first six months of the pandemic in the United States.

The survey revealed high rates of depression (22%), anxiety (52%) and insomnia (55%) among nurses. Notably, difficulty sleeping was both a contributing factor to and an outcome of poor mental health.

Only sleeping for five hours or less before a shift increased the odds of depression, anxiety and insomnia. However, nurses also described how anxiety and thinking about stressful working conditions—understaffing, being redeployed to a COVID unit, lack of PPE and many patient deaths—led to difficulty falling asleep and waking up at night. In addition to stress-related sleep problems, changes in nurses’ work schedules from either working extra hours or abruptly switching between day and night shifts led to nurses getting fewer hours of sleep.

“We found that sleep problems were interwoven with anxiety and depressive symptoms,” Dr. Witkoski Stimpfel said. “Prior research supports this bidirectional relationship between sleep and mental health. We know that getting sufficient sleep fosters mental and emotional resilience, while not getting enough sleep predisposes the brain to negative thinking and emotional vulnerability.”

To better support nurses and their well-being, the researchers urged employers to address work stress and factors that influence sleep. In addition to making sure that nurses have the resources like staffing, beds and PPE to effectively do their jobs, employers can offer training on stress management and provide referrals to mental healthcare professionals for those in need. Employers should also pay attention to scheduling, ensuring nurses have time away from work, protecting them from excessive overtime hours and shifts that quickly switch between day and night, and offering flexible working arrangements.

“Our findings help us better understand the difficulty nurses are facing—and why some nurses are leaving their jobs or the field altogether—but also reveal opportunities for hospitals and other employers to support this critical workforce,” Dr. Witkoski Stimpfel said.